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Onboard refueling vapor recovery
An Onboard refueling vapor recovery system (ORVR) is a vehicle emission (exhaust of a car) control system that captures volatile organic compounds (VOC, potentially harmful vapors) during refueling. There are two major types of vehicle emission control systems: the ORVR, and the other being the (Stage II vapor recovery system ). Without either of these two systems, vapors trapped inside gas tanks would be displaced into the environment as it is filled with liquid. However, an O.R.V.R is able to retain those emissions, and it has the capability of capturing them due to the way the tank and gas filler pipes are designed. It then delivers it into the vehicle's carbon-filled canister (a cylindrical vessel). It is kept in the carbon-filled canister until it is finally withdrawn and input into the engine intake manifold and burned like gasoline as the vehicle is in operation (daily use).〔 The intention behind implementing the ORVR system among the widespread of the U.S is that the goal is to get rid of Stage II vapor recovery systems all together.
== History ==
(William F. Woodcock ), (William E. Ruhig, Jr. ) , and (Loren H. Kline ) hold the patents for the ORVR system.
According to Freda Fung and Bobmaxwell, EPA has been controlling emission among the United States dating back to the 1970's.〔 They implemented regulations which would limit the amount of fuel vapor released into the atmosphere during the refueling of a motor vehicle. Before any mandate was put into action, California was ahead of every other state, 16 years, by leading the implementation of the Stage II vapor recovery system. The ORVR systems were required but did not take over instantaneously; instead, EPA decided that Stage II control systems were necessary for all areas of non attainment (an area considered to have air quality worse than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards as defined in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970) until the requirement had been dropped; this was the The Clean Air Act of 1990. 〔 In the United States, ORVR has been mandated on all passenger cars (phasing in over the 1998-2000 model years) and light trucks up to 10,000 lbs gross vehicle weight rating or GVWR (phasing in over the 2001-2006 model years) by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
As the years went by, ORVR systems began to be widespread enough throughout the United States meaning that Stage II systems were finally becoming obsolete, so May 9, 2012 marked the day in which EPA Administrators released their final rule making. This basically signified that there were enough ORVR systems put into place which meant that the requirement of Stage II systems was no longer needed; however, it left the option open to those states that felt that the use of Stage II was necessary for their particular state. This notice was published on May 16, 2012.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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